Friday, July 19, 2013

VICTORY! Historic Agreement Will Overhaul Puerto Rico Police Department Notorious for Brutality - LibertyVoice

VICTORY! 

Historic Agreement Will Overhaul Puerto Rico Police Department Notorious for Brutality

The U.S. Justice Department and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico yesterday announced a legally binding consent decree that will require sweeping reforms to end widespread police brutality on the island, paving the way for long-overdue reforms of a recalcitrant police force that has resisted change for years. And because the consent decree is court-enforceable, the agreement will ensure that the Puerto Rico Police Department will be held accountable if it fails to follow through with the plan to overhaul its policies and practices.
Yesterday’s announcement is the culmination of years of work by the ACLU, courageous advocates on the island, and the Justice Department to end the unconscionable abuse Puerto Ricans have suffered at the hands of their own police force, the second-largest police department in the United States.
I began investigating police abuse on the island in March 2011, when police were violently suppressing university student protests on a near daily basis. For years, the ACLU of Puerto Rico—one of the few human rights watchdogs on the island—had been documenting cases of police brutality against low-income and Black Puerto Ricans, but the outlaw police force had turned against nonviolent protesters in spectacular demonstrations of brutality, tear gassing and beating protesters outside the Capitol Building, courthouse, governor’s mansion, and at the University of Puerto Rico. I made multiple trips to Puerto Rico to uncover and document the police force’s systemic brutality, culminating in a 180-page report, “Island of Impunity,” published in June of last year.
I interviewed Ruth Jiménez, whose son Jorge Polaco was delivered by police, dead and with seven gunshots in his back, to a hospital an hour and a half after arresting him a 10-minute drive away. I met Joel Félix, a young Dominican immigrant who was senselessly and savagely beaten by officers who stopped him while he was walking home and identified his foreign accent. The officers left him for dead on the side of the road, after fishing Félix’s cell phone out of his pocket and calling his sister to collect her unconscious brother, who nearly died of his injuries. I uncovered the case of 19-year-old José Luis Irizarry Pérez, an unarmed 19-year-old beaten to death by officers responding to a neighbor’s noise complaint about an election party the teen attended with his father. I interviewed numerous university students and union organizers who were beaten, tear gassed, and pepper sprayed when they attempted to peacefully protest mass layoffs of public workers and public university cutbacks.
documented the cases of 28 men who were killed by police in recent years, and found that no officer was punished for these killings, with the exception of the case of an unarmed man executed by police on the street in front of bystanders, one of whom filmed the incident on a cell phone. I learned of Wanda Camacho Meléndez, a nurse who repeatedly sought the PRPD’s protection from her increasingly violent and threatening ex-partner. Police failed to respond to her calls for help when he kept going to her house in violation of a protective order, and he stabbed her to death on Valentine’s Day.
“Island of Impunity” documented rampant police abuse and a systemic lack of accountability in the PRPD, as well as the force’s failure to crack down on sexual assault, domestic violence, and murders of women by their partners. Also in June, the ACLU and Kirkland & Ellis LLP sued the PRPD for violating the constitutional rights of peaceful protesters who were beaten and abused during demonstrations against controversial government policies. We are now close to reaching a settlement in exchange for a provision requiring the independent PRPD monitor to meet with civil society groups in order to obtain input on proposed policies and implementation plans.
At the same time, we pressured the Justice Department, which has the authority to investigate and sue local police departments found in systematic violation of the law, to take action against the PRPD. The Justice Department had investigated police abuses in Puerto Rico after they were highlighted by the ACLU, and in December 2012, the DOJ sued the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The ACLU filed two amicus briefs in the lawsuit to recommend reforms and suggest how to implement them.
Happily, yesterday’s historic settlement is exactly what we’ve been seeking. The consent decree calls for a court-appointed independent monitor to enforce detailed reforms to police department organizational structures, operational policy and oversight mechanisms, training protocols, and accountability systems. While the consent decree is a huge step forward, it will take hard work and strong political will to turn the PRPD into an accountable police force that respects the human rights of all people on the island. Although the reform process will take years, and our work is far from done, the consent decree means that Puerto Ricans will no longer have to live in fear of their own police force. While Jorge Polaco and José Luis Irizarry Pérez did not live to see this day, others who have been victimized by Puerto Rico’s police force can now hope for a future in which they can have confidence in a police department that protects, rather than harms, them.
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» Police are Enforcing Public Health Orders, but that Doesn't Make them Public Health Experts - ACLU
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» Metal Shark delivers latest law enforcement boat to Puerto Rico - WorkBoat
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» Dozens of Murdered Women Are Missing From Puerto Rican Police Records, New Report Finds - The Intercept
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» Police Violence Against Dominicans in Puerto Rico Suggests Systemic Problem - Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
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» Shooting kills 6 in Puerto Rico, leads to emergency meeting - FOX 5 New York
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Shooting kills 6 in Puerto Rico, leads to emergency meeting    FOX 5 New York

» Shooting kills 6 in Puerto Rico, leads to emergency meeting - WSAZ
15/10/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Shooting kills 6 in Puerto Rico, leads to emergency meeting    WSAZ

» Six killed in Puerto Rico massacre, leading to emergency meeting - WDHN
15/10/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Six killed in Puerto Rico massacre, leading to emergency meeting    WDHN

» 'They Believe We're Criminals': Black Puerto Ricans Say They're a Police Target - Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
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» Watch | Father-Daughter Lawyer Duo Fights for the Rights of Black Residents in Puerto Rico - Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
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» WATCH | Father-daughter lawyer duo fights for the rights of Black residents in Puerto Rico - TheGrio
20/09/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
WATCH | Father-daughter lawyer duo fights for the rights of Black residents in Puerto Rico    TheGrio

» After the Power of Protest Ousts a Governor, Puerto Rico has a New Leader. For Now. - ACLU
08/08/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
After the Power of Protest Ousts a Governor, Puerto Rico has a New Leader. For Now.    ACLU

» Why Puerto Rico’s Cops Ignore the Constitution at Night - The Nation
30/07/19 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Why Puerto Rico’s Cops Ignore the Constitution at Night    The Nation

» Did Puerto Rican Police Go Too Far During Protests? What the Video Shows. (Published 2019) - The New York Times
27/07/19 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Did Puerto Rican Police Go Too Far During Protests? What the Video Shows. (Published 2019)    The New York Times

» Is reform possible in Puerto Rico after street protests drive governor out of office? - America: The Jesuit Review
25/07/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Is reform possible in Puerto Rico after street protests drive governor out of office?    America: The Jesuit Review

» Puerto Rico Rises - Jacobin magazine
17/07/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Puerto Rico Rises    Jacobin magazine

» Policing is the Crisis - NACLA
15/05/19 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Policing is the Crisis    NACLA

» Official over Puerto Rico Police Reform Resigns in Protest - Voice of America
14/05/19 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Official over Puerto Rico Police Reform Resigns in Protest    Voice of America

» Policing Worsens Public Safety for Puerto Rico’s Most Vulnerable - Truthout
11/04/19 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Policing Worsens Public Safety for Puerto Rico’s Most Vulnerable    Truthout

» Chattanooga PD donating 2 patrol cars to Puerto Rico Police after Maria - WTVC
10/10/18 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Chattanooga PD donating 2 patrol cars to Puerto Rico Police after Maria    WTVC

» Puerto Rico Governor Wants Officer Fired Over Flag Incident Caught on Video (Published 2018) - The New York Times
10/07/18 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Puerto Rico Governor Wants Officer Fired Over Flag Incident Caught on Video (Published 2018)    The New York Times

» Did the Puerto Rico Police Really Shoot Tear Gas for Crowd Control? - Latino Rebels
05/05/18 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Did the Puerto Rico Police Really Shoot Tear Gas for Crowd Control?    Latino Rebels

» Rising Crime and a Shrinking Police Force Stunt Puerto Rico’s Recovery - Centro de Periodismo Investigativo
30/04/18 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Rising Crime and a Shrinking Police Force Stunt Puerto Rico’s Recovery    Centro de Periodismo Investigativo

» Rising Crime and a Shrinking Police Force Stunt Puerto Rico’s Recovery - Latino Rebels
30/04/18 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Rising Crime and a Shrinking Police Force Stunt Puerto Rico’s Recovery    Latino Rebels

» A Puerto Rican federal inmate’s horrifying account of what the prison did after Hurricane Maria - ThinkProgress
26/04/18 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
A Puerto Rican federal inmate’s horrifying account of what the prison did after Hurricane Maria    ThinkProgress

» Morris Prosecutor Honors Police Officers for Volunteering to Assist in Puerto Rico - County of Morris, NJ (.gov)
17/01/18 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Morris Prosecutor Honors Police Officers for Volunteering to Assist in Puerto Rico    County of Morris, NJ (.gov)

» Metal Shark delivers 35' patrol boat to Puerto Rico police - WorkBoat
15/01/18 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Metal Shark delivers 35' patrol boat to Puerto Rico police    WorkBoat

» Another New Metal Shark Patrol Boat Joins the Puerto Rico Police Department Fleet - The Maritime Executive
15/01/18 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Another New Metal Shark Patrol Boat Joins the Puerto Rico Police Department Fleet    The Maritime Executive

» Puerto Rico Police Chief Says Governor Asked Her to Resign - Voice of America
09/01/18 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Puerto Rico Police Chief Says Governor Asked Her to Resign    Voice of America

» Thousands of Puerto Rico police owed overtime call in sick - WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale
28/12/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Thousands of Puerto Rico police owed overtime call in sick    WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale

» Mayor honors LCPD police chief, officers who deployed to Puerto Rico - Las Cruces Sun-News
18/12/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Mayor honors LCPD police chief, officers who deployed to Puerto Rico    Las Cruces Sun-News

» Police: Shore man allegedly stole hurricane relief funds for Puerto Rico - WHYY
30/11/17 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Police: Shore man allegedly stole hurricane relief funds for Puerto Rico    WHYY

» Just Months After Harvey, Houston Police Officers Are Helping In Puerto Rico - Texas Standard
15/11/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Just Months After Harvey, Houston Police Officers Are Helping In Puerto Rico    Texas Standard

» Las Cruces police officers head to Puerto Rico to aid in Hurricane Maria relief - Las Cruces Sun-News
07/11/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Las Cruces police officers head to Puerto Rico to aid in Hurricane Maria relief    Las Cruces Sun-News

» HPD Sends 25 Officers To Puerto Rico To Assist With Recovery Efforts After Hurricane Maria - Houston Public Media
02/11/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
HPD Sends 25 Officers To Puerto Rico To Assist With Recovery Efforts After Hurricane Maria    Houston Public Media

» 2017 News Release - NJ.gov
01/11/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
2017 News Release    NJ.gov

» "Ramba" is first female Puerto Rican general officer in US Army Reserve - United States Army
25/10/17 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
"Ramba" is first female Puerto Rican general officer in US Army Reserve    United States Army

» Puerto Rico and the Colonial Circuits of Policing - NACLA
27/09/17 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Puerto Rico and the Colonial Circuits of Policing    NACLA

» DC police team is going to Puerto Rico for hurricane relief - WTOP
26/09/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
DC police team is going to Puerto Rico for hurricane relief    WTOP

» Use-of-Force Training Begins for Chicago Police Officers - WTTW News
21/09/17 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Use-of-Force Training Begins for Chicago Police Officers    WTTW News

» Students Are Now Leading the Resistance to Austerity in Puerto Rico - The Nation
27/04/17 04:00 from prpd doj agreement - Google News
Students Are Now Leading the Resistance to Austerity in Puerto Rico    The Nation

» Agent Benjamín Antonio De los Santos-Barbosa, Puerto Rico Police Department, Puerto Rico - ODMP
19/04/17 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Agent Benjamín Antonio De los Santos-Barbosa, Puerto Rico Police Department, Puerto Rico    ODMP

» Protecting Puerto Rico - Vertical Magazine
20/07/16 04:00 from puerto rico police department - Google News
Protecting Puerto Rico    Vertical Magazine

» Marrero-Méndez v. Pesquera - ACLU
19/07/16 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Marrero-Méndez v. Pesquera    ACLU

» Acusarán a sujeto por asesinar a golpes a su hijastra
25/04/16 11:46 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Acusarán a sujeto por asesinar a golpes a su hijastra - hace 10 segundos Demandan a policías por alegada fabricación caso - hace 8 minutos Investigan supuesta agresión de agente de la Policía contra su esposa Policía encuentra drogas en ...

» Investigan supuesta agresión de agente de la Policía contra su
25/04/16 10:38 from José Caldero | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Investigan supuesta agresión de agente de la Policía contra su esposa - hace 39 minutos Policía encuentra drogas en interior de casa abandonada Hombre se suicida en Río Grande Anciano víctima de ‘carjacking’ en Barceloneta - hace 3 horas...

» 6,819Policía Puerto Rico
25/04/16 09:12 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
6,819 Policía Puerto Rico 2h 2 hours ago Accidente fatal en puente atirantado en Naranjito. Una mujer perdió la vida cuando varias motoras chocaron entre sí. 9 retweets 3 likes 9 9 3 3 23h 23 hours ago 111 retweets 111 111 This post has ...

» Policía encuentra drogas en interior de casa abandonada
25/04/16 08:51 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Policía encuentra drogas en interior de casa abandonada - hace 5 minutos Hombre se suicida en Río Grande - hace 24 minutos Anciano víctima de ‘carjacking’ en Barceloneta - hace 48 minutos Encuentran osamenta en Río Grande - hace 1 hora C...

» Encuentran osamenta en Río Grande
25/04/16 07:41 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Encuentran osamenta en Río Grande - hace 2 minutos Choque entre motoras deja saldo de un muerto - hace 12 minutos Reducen salarios a agentes desarmados Buscan ADN “machetero” en ataque a marinos de 1979 Misteriosa muerte de radioterapist...

» Reducen salarios a agentes desarmados
25/04/16 06:33 from José Caldero | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Reducen salarios a agentes desarmados Buscan ADN “machetero” en ataque a marinos de 1979 Misteriosa muerte de radioterapista - hace 2 horas Reducen salarios a agentes desarmados - hace 2 horas Misteriosa muerte de radioterapista - hace 2...

» 18h
25/04/16 05:04 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
18h 18 hours ago Apr 23 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» - hace 12 horas
25/04/16 04:41 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 12 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 10 horas - hace 17 horas - 04/23/2016 - hace 10 horas - hace 10 horas - 04/23/2016 - 04/23/2016 - hace 18 ...

» - hace 11 horas
25/04/16 03:28 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 11 horas - hace 11 horas - 04/22/2016 - hace 8 horas - hace 8 horas - hace 14 horas - hace 8 horas - hace 8 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 11 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 9 horas - 04/23/2016 - hace 9 horas - hace 9 horas - 04/23/2016...

» - hace 10 horas
25/04/16 02:24 from José Caldero | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 10 horas - hace 10 horas - 04/22/2016 Alcaldesa de Ponce contraataca - hace 7 horas - hace 7 horas - hace 13 horas Alcaldesa de Ponce contraataca - hace 7 horas - hace 7 horas - hace 10 horas Capitalinas avanzan a la final del vol...

» 14h
25/04/16 00:50 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
14h 14 hours ago 23h 23 hours ago 110 retweets 86 likes 110 110 86 86 23 likes 23 23 12 likes 12 12 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» Lunes, 25 de abril de 2016
25/04/16 00:28 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Lunes, 25 de abril de 2016 - hace 8 horas Alcaldesa de Ponce contraataca - hace 5 horas - hace 5 horas - hace 11 horas Alcaldesa de Ponce contraataca - hace 5 horas - hace 5 horas - hace 8 horas Capitalinas avanzan a la final del voleibo...

» 10h
24/04/16 20:46 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
10h 10 hours ago 7 likes 7 7 19h 19 hours ago 108 retweets 80 likes 108 108 80 80 40 likes 40 40 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» Nueve personas mueren en derrumbe
24/04/16 20:25 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Nueve personas mueren en derrumbe Accidente fatal en la Baldorioty de Castro Nueve personas mueren en derrumbe Accidente fatal en la Baldorioty de Castro Envían a prisión a individuo sorprendido con drogas - hace 31 minutos Pierluisi par...

» 6h
24/04/16 16:43 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
6h 6 hours ago 5 retweets 6 likes 6 6 15h 15 hours ago 104 retweets 72 likes 104 104 72 72 Apr 23 15 likes 15 15 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» Apuñalan a sujeto frente a iglesia en Barranquitas
24/04/16 16:15 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Apuñalan a sujeto frente a iglesia en Barranquitas - hace 7 minutos Arrestan a sujeto que atacó a golpes a su madre de 74 años - hace 10 minutos Joven se quita la vida en Río Piedras Investigan accidente vehicular de carácter fatal - hac...

» Joven se quita la vida en Río Piedras
24/04/16 15:10 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Joven se quita la vida en Río Piedras - hace 1 hora Investigan accidente vehicular de carácter fatal Asesinan a hombre que vino de visita a la Isla - hace 4 horas - hace 5 horas Joven se quita la vida en Río Piedras - hace 1 hora Investi...

» 6,818Policía Puerto Rico Retweeted
24/04/16 12:29 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
6,818 Policía Puerto Rico Retweeted El Vocero de PR VoceroPR 2h 2 hours ago Arrestan comerciante y a su hijo por venta de drogas en negocio http:// ow.ly/4n20gs   pic.twitter.com/AgH3Puvb2E 6:40 AM - 24 Apr 2016 · Details 3 retweets 3 3 ...

» Asesinan a hombre que vino de visita a la Isla
24/04/16 12:04 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Asesinan a hombre que vino de visita a la Isla - hace 59 minutos Arrestan comerciante y a su hijo por venta de drogas en negocio - hace 2 horas Asesinan a hombre que vino de visita a la Isla - hace 59 minutos Arrestan comerciante y a su ...

» Arrestan comerciante y a su hijo por venta de drogas en negocio
24/04/16 10:57 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Arrestan comerciante y a su hijo por venta de drogas en negocio - hace 24 minutos - hace 23 horas Arrestan comerciante y a su hijo por venta de drogas en negocio - hace 24 minutos - hace 23 horas - hace 20 horas - hace 20 horas - hace 17...

» - hace 22 horas
24/04/16 09:53 from José Caldero | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 22 horas - hace 22 horas - hace 22 horas - hace 22 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 16 horas - 04/22/2016 - hace 19 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 20 horas - hace 21 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 21 horas - 04/22/2016 - h...

» 53.7K
24/04/16 08:23 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
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» - hace 20 horas
24/04/16 08:02 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 20 horas - hace 20 horas - hace 20 horas - hace 17 horas - hace 17 horas - 04/22/2016 - 04/22/2016 - hace 17 horas - hace 17 horas - hace 18 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 14 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 14 horas - hace 19 horas - 0...

» - hace 19 horas
24/04/16 06:56 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 19 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 19 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 24 horas - hace 24 horas - 04/22/2016 - hace 24 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 17 horas - hace 18 horas - hace 18 horas ...

» - hace 18 horas
24/04/16 05:50 from José Caldero | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 18 horas - hace 18 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 18 horas - hace 18 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 23 horas - 04/22/2016 - hace 23 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 17 horas - hace 17 horas ...

» 6,817 2,028 Photos and videos
24/04/16 04:17 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
6,817 2,028 Photos and videos 2h 2 hours ago Este caimán fue capturado por un agente de la policía en Barrio Obrero, que tras las lluvias entró a una residencia. pic.twitter.com/Uv6boSvFCe 9:52 PM - 23 Apr 2016 35 retweets 12 likes 35 35...

» - hace 16 horas
24/04/16 03:56 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 16 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 16 horas - hace 16 horas Amenazan al alcalde de Caguas - hace 13 horas - hace 13 horas Amenazan al alcalde de Caguas - hace 13 horas - hace 13 horas - hace 14 horas - hace 15 horas “Demostramos que ...

» - hace 15 horas
24/04/16 02:44 from Gustavo Gelpí | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
- hace 15 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 15 horas - hace 15 horas Amenazan al alcalde de Caguas - hace 12 horas - hace 12 horas Amenazan al alcalde de Caguas - hace 12 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 13 horas - hace 13 horas “...

» 11h
24/04/16 00:08 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
11h 11 hours ago 20 likes 20 20 12h 12 hours ago 14 likes 14 14 13h 13 hours ago 17 likes 17 17 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» Domingo, 24 de abril de 2016
23/04/16 23:47 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Domingo, 24 de abril de 2016 - hace 12 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 12 horas - hace 23 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 10 horas - hace 23 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 9 horas - hace 10 horas - hac...

» 7h
23/04/16 20:00 from Policía Puerto Rico (PRPDNoticias) on Twitter
7h 7 hours ago 18 likes 18 18 8h 8 hours ago 9h 9 hours ago 6 retweets 6 6 Apr 22 Apr 22 Apr 22 Apr 22 10 likes 10 10 Apr 22 18 likes 18 18 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» Delincuentes roban en salón de belleza en Cayey
23/04/16 19:39 from Arnaldo Claudio | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Delincuentes roban en salón de belleza en Cayey Hieren de bala a un menor de edad frente a negocio Delincuentes roban en salón de belleza en Cayey Hieren de bala a un menor de edad frente a negocio “Prevención es Vida” cambia la vida de ...

» Puerto Rico's impoverished pensions complicate island's debt crisis - Reuters
07/04/16 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Puerto Rico's impoverished pensions complicate island's debt crisis    Reuters

» Ferguson and the feds have an agreement on policing reform. Here’s why it might not work. - Vox.com
16/03/16 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Ferguson and the feds have an agreement on policing reform. Here’s why it might not work.    Vox.com

» Reglamento par el control en el Envío, Distribución, Archivo ...
03/03/16 15:26 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» HuSe files complaint against Puerto Rico's Police for ...
05/02/16 20:31 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google Blog Search

» Puerto Rico policeman fatally shoots 3 officers after fight ...
28/12/15 22:52 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Puerto Rico Police Officer Kills Three Other Cops After ...
28/12/15 22:20 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Three Puerto Rico Police Officers Shot and Killed in Police ...
28/12/15 21:46 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Puerto Rico police officer opens fire at headquarters, killing ...
28/12/15 21:18 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Three Puerto Rico Police Supervisors Killed By Lone Officer ...
28/12/15 19:16 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Puerto Rico policeman takes 3 colleagues hostage before ...
28/12/15 18:45 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Puerto Rico Police Officer Kills 3 Fellow Officers, Authorities ...
28/12/15 12:48 from puerto rico police department - Google Blog Search

» Puerto Rico Policeman Fatally Shoots 3 Fellow Officers Following Argument - BuzzFeed News
28/12/15 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Puerto Rico Policeman Fatally Shoots 3 Fellow Officers Following Argument    BuzzFeed News

» Puerto Rico policeman fatally shoots 3 officers after fight - WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale
28/12/15 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Puerto Rico policeman fatally shoots 3 officers after fight    WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale

» What Happens When Police Are Forced to Reform? - PBS
13/11/15 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
What Happens When Police Are Forced to Reform?    PBS

» FBI vows to fight corrupt cops as frustratio­n grows - PressReader
01/10/15 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
FBI vows to fight corrupt cops as frustratio­n grows    PressReader

» Puerto Rico Vows to Fight Corrupt Cops as Frustration Grows - Voice of America
30/09/15 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Puerto Rico Vows to Fight Corrupt Cops as Frustration Grows    Voice of America

» Chief Judge Robert Katzmann and Attorney William Ramirez to Receive Honorary Degrees and Address the Class of 2015 - CUNY
02/06/15 04:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google News
Chief Judge Robert Katzmann and Attorney William Ramirez to Receive Honorary Degrees and Address the Class of 2015    CUNY

» Sábado, 14 de marzo de 2015
14/03/15 03:14 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Sábado, 14 de marzo de 2015 Dos mujeres caen en elevador desde el noveno piso de Minillas Dueño de invernadero de marihuana permanecerá en cárcel federal Anuncian bloqueos para este fin de semana Arrestan por pornografía infantil a polic...

» Sujeto ataca con machete a pareja en Trujillo Alto
12/03/15 22:35 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Sujeto ataca con machete a pareja en Trujillo Alto - hace 5 minutos Gran Jurado radica cargos adicionales fraude Doral Bank Rescatan a ocho inmigrantes cubanos en Isla Monito Llega dominicana acusada de asesinato Crímenes cibernéticos en...

» Jueves, 12 de marzo de 2015
12/03/15 05:57 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Jueves, 12 de marzo de 2015 Imputan a joven de asesinato en Añasco Reportan doble asesinato en Santurce Dormirá en prisión individuo arrestado por asesinato de mujer en Santurce Detienen ex agente y amigos por disparar Convicta por aprop...

» Miércoles, 11 de marzo de 2015
11/03/15 00:54 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Miércoles, 11 de marzo de 2015 Envían a prisión hombre que embarazó a su hijastra cuando tenía 13 años Incautan invernadero de marihuana en Gurabo Se libran de pena muerte trío acusado matar policía Dos sumariados por violación denuncian...

» Martes, 10 de marzo de 2015
10/03/15 16:32 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Martes, 10 de marzo de 2015 Se incendia auto en centro comercial en Carolina - hace 4 minutos Sexagenario se suicida en Manatí - hace 33 minutos Se declara culpable por fraude de licencias para portar armas Agente gravemente herido tras ...

» Policía se une a campaña en contra del suicidio
09/03/15 19:44 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Policía se une a campaña en contra del suicidio - hace 42 minutos Acusan al que atropelló a Ivania - hace 50 minutos Presentan cargos contra hombre que atropelló a Ivania Acusan a sujeto por atacar con machete a su pareja Cae avioneta en...

» Lunes, 9 de marzo de 2015
09/03/15 03:14 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Lunes, 9 de marzo de 2015 Balacera en Piñones deja cinco heridos - hace 52 minutos Se hunde velero en Fajardo Cuatro heridos de bala en tiroteo en Aguas Buenas Procesan a individuo que escaló residencia en Quebradillas Hombre se quita la...

» Domingo, 8 de marzo de 2015
08/03/15 01:32 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Domingo, 8 de marzo de 2015 Culpable expolicía por agresión sexual en contra de su sobrina Hombre fue herido de bala en Toa Baja Arrestan a joven por marbete adulterado y pistola robada Pelea culmina con una persona herida en Salinas Del...

» Sábado, 7 de marzo de 2015
07/03/15 01:09 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Sábado, 7 de marzo de 2015 Arrestan sujeto por poseer y recibir material pornográfico de menores - hace 4 horas Perro muerde a niña de 4 años - hace 4 horas Arrestan a 10 personas por drogas - hace 5 horas Premian a Caldero en Dominicana...

» Supremo aprueba nuevo impuesto
06/03/15 08:48 from policia | El Vocero de Puerto Rico
Supremo aprueba nuevo impuesto - hace 43 minutos Guaguas nuevas para ejecutivos en la policía - hace 44 minutos Encarcelan hombre al no prestar fianza por agresión a su abuelo de 89 años Ocupan drogas, cargadores y dinero en allanamiento...

» You've Probably Never Heard of America's Worst Police Force
27/02/15 07:00 from Puerto Rico police reform - Google Blog Search

» You've Probably Never Heard of America's Worst Police Force
27/02/15 07:00 from prpd doj agreement - Google Blog Search

» You’ve Probably Never Heard of America’s Worst Police Force - Mother Jones
27/02/15 04:00 from prpd doj agreement - Google News
You’ve Probably Never Heard of America’s Worst Police Force    Mother Jones

» 74°Hi 75°
13/02/15 11:29 from José Luis Caldero - El Nuevo Día
74° Hi 75° Lo 74° 13 de febrero de 2015 07:28 Actualización 07:28 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» 80°Hi 86°
13/02/15 11:27 from Home - El Nuevo Día
80° Hi 86° Lo 80° 13 de febrero de 2015 11:27 Actualización 11:27 Farándula Música Televisión Cine Cine cartelera Cultura Cine Actualizado hace 22 minutos. Renuevan a "Cenicienta" 65 años después Kenneth Branagh dirige el clásico con un ...

» 12 de febrero de 2015 11:56
13/02/15 08:09 from Arnaldo Claudio - El Nuevo Día
12 de febrero de 2015 11:56 Actualización 11:56 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» 13 de febrero de 2015 03:27
13/02/15 07:28 from José Luis Caldero - El Nuevo Día
13 de febrero de 2015 03:27 Actualización 03:27 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» 13 de febrero de 2015 04:02
13/02/15 04:02 from Arnaldo Claudio - El Nuevo Día
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» 12 de febrero de 2015 11:19
13/02/15 03:27 from José Luis Caldero - El Nuevo Día
12 de febrero de 2015 11:19 Actualización 11:19 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

» 13 de febrero de 2015 03:24
13/02/15 03:24 from Home - El Nuevo Día
13 de febrero de 2015 03:24 Actualización 03:24 Locales Política Seguridad Tribunales Internacionales Mundo Raro Caza Noticias Locales Actualizado hace 3 horas. Multimillonario tiene que cobrar premio en Puerto Rico El premio se reduce e...

» 12 de febrero de 2015 11:21
12/02/15 23:21 from Juez federal Gustavo Gelpí - El Nuevo Día
12 de febrero de 2015 11:21 Actualización 11:21 This post has been generated by Page2RSS

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» Puerto Rico police arrested for running 'criminal ... - RT.com
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» Puerto Rico Turns to NYC for New Police Chief - Officer.com
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» Puerto Rico picks NYPD's James Tuller as next police superintendent - New York Daily News
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New York Daily News Puerto Rico picks NYPD's James Tuller as next police superintendent New York Daily News Puerto Rico is turning to one of New York's Finest to lead its troubled police department. James Tuller , chief of the NY...

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» VICTORY! Historic Agreement Will Overhaul Puerto Rico Police Department Notorious for Brutality - ACLU
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VICTORY! Historic Agreement Will Overhaul Puerto Rico Police Department Notorious for Brutality    ACLU

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Justice Department Settles With Puerto Rico Police Department on Brutality    ACLU

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A Department of Justice Report on the Puerto Rico Police Department Reveals an 'Agency in Profound Disrepair'    Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication

Puerto Rico a Hub for Spying on Latin America - 7/15/2013 - Firuzeh Shokooh Valle | Mike Nova comments: I think we should read this nonsense the other way around


Mike Nova comments: I think we should read this nonsense the other way around: it is the Latin American countries and major European countries and also, and very significantly, Russia and China, who use or want to use Puerto Rico as their convenient intelligence platform to spy on America. I think that this article is an illustration of one of the tools of propaganda: turn the the things around, say just directly opposite of what the truth is, and hope that people will believe you. 



Gobernador se reúne con Kennedy Jr - ENDia


Meet Mexico's First Openly Gay Mayor - Latino Voices on HuffingtonPost.com

» Meet Mexico's First Openly Gay Mayor
18/07/13 18:49 from Latino Voices on HuffingtonPost.com
MEXICO CITY -- The first openly gay mayor ever elected in Mexico is scheduled to take office in the rough, violence-plagued state of Zacatecas in... MEXICO CITY -- The first openly gay mayor ever elected in Mexico is scheduled to t...

» Asumirá cargo el primer alcalde gay en México
18/07/13 18:00 from Metro - Últimas noticias
MEXICO (AP) — El primer alcalde electo que reconoce abiertamente ser gay está por asumir su cargo...


“The american way” by WILDA RODRÍGUEZ - ENDia | Mike Nova comments: What did you want to say, Ms. Rodriguez?

“The american way”

WILDA RODRÍGUEZ
Obama está asegurando los chavos para entretener a los puertorriqueños con un nuevo plebiscito de estatus no vinculante. Eso no es nada nuevo. “Is the american way”. Agitan el dine

Mike Nova comments: What did you want to say, Ms. Rodriguez? I did not get anything. So many words and so little thoughts.

If you do not like it "the American way", do it your own way, but DO IT! And if you do not do something and just talk and vent your unfocused frustration, the Island will continue moving to disaster, political and economic; slowly but surely.


Thursday, July 18, 2013

Political Status of Puerto Rico: Geopolitical, Geostrategic and National Security Aspects - Links Review - Updated on 7.18.13

Political Status of Puerto Rico: Geopolitical, Geostrategic and National Security Aspects - Links Review - Originally Published on 6.20.13, Updated on 6.27.13. 

Mike Nova: 

What will serve the (joint, one and the same, due to a joint nature of foreign policy) geopolitical and the geostrategic interests of The United States and Puerto Rico better: statehood or the current status? 

Various factors have to be considered, among them: 

1) The Caribbean and Latin America as a battleground of conflicting political ideologies and governing models in the light and darknesses of old Russian shoe-ins and relatively newly economically expansionist China, eyeing to control trade routes with the planned Nicaragua canal, "a step that looks set to have profound geopolitical ramifications", a "project will reinforce China's growing influence on global trade and weaken US dominance over a key shipping route", according to "The Guardian"

In this connection the paper mentioned the issue of " China...  influencing the international court of justice to secure the territorial waters that Nicaragua needs for the project.
In an op-ed piece for the magazine Semana, Noemí Sanín, a former Colombian foreign secretary, and Miguel Ceballos, a former vice-minister of justice, said a Chinese judge had settled in Nicaragua's favour on a 13-year-old dispute over 75,000 square kilometres of sea.
They said this took place soon after Nicaraguan officials signed a memorandum of understanding last September with Wang Jing, the chairman of Xinwei Telecom and president of the newly established Hong Kong firm HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company, to build and operate the canal."

-

From russia and the caribbean - Google Search



Cuba, China and Russia Reject US Report on Human Trafficking

Radio Cadena Agramonet-15 hours agoShare
Cuba, China and Russia rejected today a statement by the US State ... accusation and stated that the US blockade against that Caribbean ...


Russia Seeks to Restore Influence in Latin America
The Moscow Times-May 29, 2013

Russia Seeks to Restore Influence in Latin America | News | The Moscow Times



1 Share

Russia Seeks to Restore Influence in Latin America

Foreign Minister Lavrov meeting with counterparts countries in the Community of Latin America and Caribbean States.
Misha Japaridze / AP
Foreign Minister Lavrov meeting with counterparts countries in the Community of Latin America and Caribbean States.

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Nicaragua Canal Agreement Signed By President Daniel Ortega ...

Huffington Post-Jun 15, 2013Share
The signing took place a day after Nicaragua's National Assembly voted to grant Hong Kong-based HKNicaragua Canal Development ...

Nicaragua Approves Building Its Own Canal
New York Times-Jun 14, 2013

As has been the case for centuries — since around the time of the first proposal for a Nicaraguan canal, in 1825 — Panama also appears to be several steps ahead. Its recent expansion effort to accommodate larger “supermax” cargo ships makes it a more appealing option now and in the future. Many experts say Nicaragua is going to have a hard time convincing investors that there are enough ships to support a second Central American canal.
“Even if they did get the $40 billion, the increases in traffic are increasingly speculative,” Mr. Maurer said. Other experts agreed, noting that while Mr. Ortega and his allies would love to have a canal — viewing it as a pathway out of Nicaragua’s persistent poverty — their hopes will most likely be dashed yet again.
“That the Assembly approved the project doesn’t mean that the company has found the investors to make it happen,” said Geoff Thale, program director of the Washington Office on Latin America, a human rights group, adding that as with “lots of big commercial ventures that are announced with lots of bells and whistles,” the likelihood of success was slim.


Assembly approves massive Nicaragua canal project
USA TODAY-Jun 15, 2013

» China and the Caribbean a Marriage Made in Heaven? | Le ...
10/06/13 21:21 from china and the caribbean - Google Blog Search
The Caribbean Journal, By Zhivargo Laing CJ Contributor, June 10, 2013. ON A recent radio show in the Bahamas, the topic of China's $8 million loan to the country was being discussed. A curious caller asked, what do the Chinese want&nbs..

» CELAC: Russia Strengthens Ties With Latin America, Caribbean ...
10/06/13 19:30 from russia and the caribbean - Google Blog Search
russia and celac The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) states and Russia will create a mechanism for political dialogue, said in a statement issued at the end of a meeting in Moscow of the foreign  ... 



Posted on 

CELAC: Russia Strengthens Ties With Latin America, Caribbean


russia and celacThe Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) states and Russia will create a mechanism for political dialogue, said in a statement issued at the end of a meeting in Moscow of the foreign ministers of the “expanded troika” of CELAC (Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica and Haiti) and Russia.
“Ministers have proposed to set up a permanent mechanism for political dialogue and cooperation Russia-CELAC to discuss and coordinate positions on issues of common interest in international politics,” reads the document.
According to the text, such cooperation will include promoting the principles of international law and the Charter of the UN, “to strengthen democracy and to ensure that all human rights, the fight against international terrorism in all its forms and in all its manifestations, including its funding to suppress drug trafficking and arms trafficking in the legalization of criminal proceeds and transnational organized crime. “This will be subject to the review and approval of other members of the Community at the next meeting of Foreign Ministers.
Founded in late 2011, the CELAC has 33 member states. It includes the countries of the Americas except Canada and the United States, and is a kind of alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS).
Source:  http://www.windpower2010.com/celac-russia-towards-a-mechanism-for-political-dialogue/
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2) The ever surging (and not very far in its connections from the previous issue) drug trade in the Caribbean, which besides its primary threat to the security of the mainland, fuels the government corruption in the area, undermines the legal economies and creates the excess cash in need of "laundering". It is also widely viewed as one of the main sources of rampant crime and lack of social integration in the Caribbean and Puerto Rico, tearing at the fabric of social life and perspectives for economic prosperity. 

U.S. State Department predicted " a surge in drug trafficking activity by 2015 as operations shift to the tropics due to a crackdown in much of Latin America."

"Aerial surveys by the US Military’s Southern Command show that drug traffickers are shifting back to Caribbean sea routes in response to pressure on trafficking corridors running through the Central American isthmus.
Drug networks have also adopted new tactics to evade detection, officials at the Joint Interagency Task Force (JIATF-S) told the Guatemalan news organization Siglo21. Traffickers now slow their go-fast boats, whose high speeds once made them easy to spot, to the pace of normal fishing boats and sometimes conceal them amid a fleet of up to 20 other vessels.
...
The new maritime routes have not yet supplanted overland trafficking, DEA administrator Michele Leonhart said in a statement (see pdf here) before the US House of Representatives subcommittee on crime, terrorism, and homeland security in June. With pressure set to continue on trafficking corridors in Central America, though, it is likely the Caribbean will be increasingly utilized for drug shipments."

"Though Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries have made significant efforts in addressing the burgeoning drug trade, the United States says more still needs to be done.
In its 2013 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, released here this week, the US Department of State lauded general efforts being made, but was very critical of what it regarded as inefficient measures implemented in some countries."

"It is estimated that nearly 80% of the cocaine through Puerto Rico is directed to cities along the east coast of the United States, particularly cities along the coast of Florida."

"Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration (PRFAA) Executive Director Juan E. Hernández today announced that Senator Bill Nelson (D-FL), agreed to his request made during a meeting they held on May 8, for Puerto Rico to be included within the increased border security measures, proposed in the comprehensive immigration reform bill that started to be debated this week in the U.S. Senate."

"America’s Caribbean Border – The Under-Protected Front in the Nation’s War on Drugs

As the first line of defense along the nation’s Caribbean Border, the U.S. territory of
Puerto Rico needs many of the same resources provided to the U.S. states bordering Mexico to
combat the illicit drug trade. The drug-related violence taking place at unprecedented levels in
Puerto Rico is directly related to the Island’s position at the center of America’s under-protected
Caribbean Border in the nation’s drug war. The federal government should deploy a Caribbean
Border Initiative, similar to the effort along the U.S. southern border, to ensure the nation’s
borders are fully protected.

A National Security Issue: Puerto Rico is serving as America’s Caribbean Border in the 
nation’s fight against drug trafficking.

• The U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean serve as
the southernmost points of entry for people and goods coming into the United States,
effectively serving as America’s Caribbean Border.
...
Given the disproportionate levels of violent crime being experienced in Puerto Rico
compared to other states bordering the U.S.-Mexico border, it is clear that the federal law
enforcement agencies in Puerto Rico must be further strengthened."

"Given the current controversy surrounding the extent of the U.S. drone program and targeted killings, it is important to revisit that in the summer of 2012, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency announced that unmanned drones would begin patrolling Caribbean airspace as an expansion of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI). This is only one aspect of how the War on Drugs in the Caribbean is increasingly looking like the War on Terror.

The U.S.–Caribbean border is the often ignored “Third Border,” which the Department of Homeland Security has referred to as an “open door for drug traffickers and terrorists.” A recent study by the National Defence University has stated that “the region's nexus to the United States uniquely positions it in the proximate U.S. geopolitical and strategic sphere. Thus, there is an incentive, if not an urgency, for the United States to proactively pursue security capacity-building measures in the Caribbean region.”"

Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs 

Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. ...

fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/142364.pdf

by LS Wyler - 2010
Apr 30, 2010 – Drug trafficking is viewed as a primary threat to citizen security and U.S. interests in Latin. America and the Caribbean despite decades of ...

"Drug trafficking is viewed as a primary threat to citizen security and U.S. interests in Latin
America and the Caribbean despite decades of anti-drug efforts by the United States and partner
governments. The production and trafficking of popular illicit drugs—cocaine, marijuana,
opiates, and methamphetamine—generates a multi-billion dollar black market in which Latin
American criminal and terrorist organizations thrive. These groups challenge state authority in
source and transit countries where governments are often fragile and easily corrupted. Mexican
drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) largely control the U.S. illicit drug market and have been
identified by the U.S. Department of Justice as the “greatest organized crime threat to the United
States.” Drug trafficking-related crime and violence in the region has escalated in recent years,
raising the drug issue to the forefront of U.S. foreign policy concerns.
...

The Caribbean-South Florida route continues to be active, and although currently less utilized
than the Central America-Mexico route, some observers have warned that activity along this route
may surge once more in the near future. As U.S. counternarcotics cooperation with Venezuela has
diminished since 2005, Venezuela has become a major transit point for drug flights through the
Caribbean—particularly Haiti and the Dominican Republic—into the United States as well as to
Europe. Elsewhere in the Caribbean, the Bahamas continues to serve as a major transit country
for both Jamaican marijuana and South American cocaine.
...

Latin America’s central role in the illicit drug market stems largely from the Andean region’s
unique position as the world’s only source region for coca and cocaine. Another major factor
contributing to the region’s prominence in today’s drug trade is its proximity to the United States,
a major drug consumption market. Underlying factors that have allowed drug trafficking to
flourish include poverty and a lack of viable alternative livelihoods for farmers; corruption;
weaknesses in law enforcement and justice-sector capacity to deter drug traffickers; the presence
of insurgent groups involved in drug production and trafficking in some countries; and the
geographical impediments to interdiction, including difficult-to-monitor political borders and
maritime terrain. Uneven political support for counterdrug efforts may also fuel drug trafficking.
...

Latin American drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) control various aspects of the drug supply
chain and vary in terms of capabilities, organizational structure, and level of associated violence.
Some of the more sophisticated groups possess extensive paramilitary and counterintelligence
capabilities that allow them to rival state security forces and operate with relative impunity
through deep networks of corrupt officials in key offices.
...

The Latin America and the Caribbean region has among the highest crime rates, including violent
crime rates, of any region in the world. In February 2010, the UNODC released an updated
analysis of global homicide rates, which found that in sharp contrast to a global trend of
decreasing or stabilizing homicide rates, homicides in Latin America and the Caribbean had, on
average, increased from 19.9 per 100,000 people in 2003 to 32.6 per 100,000 people in 2008 (see
Figure 2).25 In addition, the level of kidnappings, assaults, and other manifestations of organized
violence appear to have risen.
Recent studies have shown that, while other factors like income inequality are still contributing
factors, criminality, particularly related to drug trafficking, has replaced political and regional
conflicts as a major source of violence in many Latin America and Caribbean countries.26 Some
violence is directly associated with the protection of drug trafficking routes and syndicate power
struggles. Other violence occurs as DTOs corrupt and undermine local police and criminal justice
institutions as well as societal institutions, weakening respect for the rule of law. Criminality
directly associated with the illegal drug trade increases the prevalence of related crimes, including
kidnapping, murder, money laundering, and firearms trafficking. Involvement in the drug trade
also negatively affects licit economic development."


Puerto Rico statehood, as any proper marriage should, depends on the will of both parties, but, that's said, maybe even more so on the will of The United States Congress, as Mr. Pierluisi astutely mentioned in his UN address. 

" We likewise recognize that the U.S. Congress could unilaterally rescind the powers it has delegated to Puerto Rico if it saw fit to do so. 
...
As a legal matter, the U.S. Constitution vests Congress with broad authority over its territories.  For Puerto Rico to evolve and to become a state or sovereign nation, it is not enough to just seek such a change; U.S. Congress and the President must act to enable that change."

And this respectable body and its corresponding constituents might need some "convincing framework" to form. And the above mentioned issues will not be the last ones on the future Convincing List by far. 

It is worth mentioning that 1983 Rand Study "Geopolitics, Security, and U.S. Strategy in the Caribbean Basin" by D. Ronfeldt noted in its summary that "consensus on the nature and importance of U.S. security interests in the Caribbean Basin is sorely lacking". This study proposed a conceptual framework based on Monroe Doctine and formulated the principles which remain in effect, and even more urgently so, thirty years later: 



 -


______________________________


Links Review:


Es al proyecto de ley que establece las asignaciones del Departamento de Se...


Fueron convocados los dirigentes de las colectividades políticas

Political Status of Puerto Rico: geopolitical aspects - Google Search

russia's and china's interests in puerto rico and the caribbean - Google Search

russia china puerto rico caribbean - Google Search

geopolitics of puerto rico - Google Search

puerto rico narcotraffic - Google Search

caribbean drug trade - Google Search

Political Status of Puerto Rico Strategic Aspects - Google Search

political status of puerto rico geostrategic aspects - Google Search

puerto rico statehood - Google Search

geopolitical interests of The United States and Puerto Rico - Google Search

 - Puerto Rican Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism: geopolitical interests of The United States and      Puerto Rico - GS - book search and quotes

geostrategic interests of The United States and Puerto Rico - Google Search

nicaragua canal - Google Search

trade routes nicaragua canal china - Google Search

 joint nature of foreign policy of USA and Puerto Rico - Google Search

russia and the caribbean - Google Search

Russia Seeks to Restore Influence in Latin America
The Moscow Times-May 29, 2013

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china and the caribbean - Google Search

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Caribbean Basin Security Initiative - Google Search


» House Appropriations Committee Directs White House Office of National Drug Control Policy to Prepare and Publish Caribbean Border Counternarcotics Strategy
18/07/13 09:40 from Res. Comm. Pedro Pierluisi - Representing the At Large District of PUERTO RICO
Washington, DC—Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, together with Congressman José Serrano (D-NY), has achieved the inclusion of language in the Fiscal Year 2014 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act that woul...


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Puerto Rico’s Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions 
R. Sam Garrett
Specialist in American National Government
October 2, 2012

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  1. Puerto Rico. A possible remodeling of Western ... - geopolitics

    english.geopolitics.ro/puerto-rico-a-possible-remodeling-of-western-hem...

    Puerto Rico (the Associated Free State of Puerto Rico or the Commonwealth of .... of inhabitants and the aspects that have to do with the political opinions of a ...


    However, an inevitable conflict in the Middle East, whether we are talking about actors such as Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia or Turkey, seems to have, at least on the medium if not the long term, an extremely important “rival” on Washington’s agenda for the control not just of the Atlantic and of the Panama Canal but also for a potential control of China’s merchant navy that will in the future look for new routes, and for enhancing the balance of power in what concerns Russian interests in the area and the relatively uncontrolled development of the military arsenal in South America.
    It is true that such an option is one of the United States of America’s priorities, given the fact that she needs to secure both the South Atlantic and the Caribbean in case of a possible “Pacific war,” whether military or commercial in nature.
    Thus, while many analysts are carefully watching the ceaseless growth of the global crisis, an artificial crisis of American origin, a small group of persons in the United States and the European Union on one hand, and in Russia, China and Latin America on the other, are carefully analyzing a possible union at federative level between the United States and Puerto Rico.
    ...
    It has to be said that the currency is minted at the orders of the American federal government, just like defense and foreign affairs remain the exclusive prerogative of the White House, Puerto Rico doing nothing but rallying behind the position taken by the American federal government.
    After winning independence from the Spanish Crown on December 10, 1898, Puerto Rico became a Free Associated State in 1952. On the basis of the “insular cases,” the US Supreme Court decided that Puerto Rico belongs to but is not a part of the US.
    ...
    The plebiscite


    Despite an apparent political calm due to the island’s statute, in recent years the inhabitants have started to fall within two categories: those that want their country to become the 51st American state and those that want the island to become sovereign and, consequently, independent. Debates and plebiscites on the island’s political status have taken place until now. It has to be pointed out that the first to take place showed in 1967 that a little over 60 per cent voted for the Free Associated State status, 39 per cent voted for statehood (in the form of a state that is part of a federation), while only 0.6 per cent voted for independence.

    In 2011 the Governor decided to organize a two-stage plebiscite in order to try to settle the island’s statute. Thus, the first stage of the plebiscite on the island’s political statute took place on August 12, 2012, people being asked to choose between keeping the same statute in relation to the federal government in Washington and a different neocolonial variant. The second stage of the plebiscite in which the citizens had to choose between three non-colonial options – statehood, independence and free association – took place on November 6, the day of the American elections.

    plebiscite




    From a total of 2,402,941 registered voters a number of 2,351,158 were validated. It has to be pointed out that of the total number of votes cast, 0.98 per cent were invalidated and 26.04 per cent were blank votes. Thus, 4.04 per cent voted for the country’s independence, 24.32 per cent voted for the form of a Free Associated State and 44.61 per cent voted that Puerto Rico should become a full member of the federation as the 51st American state. In real terms this means that of the total population of Puerto Rico (with and without the right to vote) less than 25 per cent decided the destiny of the whole nation. Also worthy of mention is the fact that over 4.6 million Puerto Ricans are living in the United States (more than those living on the island), enjoying all the rights conferred by American citizenship.


    Political and social unrest


    Not long after the official results were revealed virulent reactions started to appear from society, politicians and foreign powers, Latin American powers in particular.

    Latin American states that have an economic and foreign policy relatively different than that of the United States criticized the plebiscite in Puerto Rico and even suspected its results. The same suspicion concerning the results came from some American analysts that consider that in 2013 the US Congress will disregard the results of the November 2012 plebiscite.

    Moreover, some voices rather support a statute similar to that of Andorra which, despite the duumvirate seen at head of state level (according to the constitution Andorra has two heads of state – the French King, currently the French President, and the Catalan Bishop of Seo de Urgel), is a sovereign and independent nation.

    On the continent, two American Congressmen (of Puerto Rican descent), Luis Gutierrez (Democrat Party representative for Illinois) and Nydia Velasquez (Democrat Party representative for New York) have publicly stated that the plebiscite was “a non-transparent process” and saluted the article that appeared in ‘The Hill’ and which claims that the Congress will disregard it. At the same time, there are two contradictory things from the point of view of constitutional law. First of all, Article 4 of the US Constitution states that the US Congress decides which territories will be incorporated into the Union. Secondly, President Obama’s statement is in relative opposition to the Constitution whose guarantor he is: “Puerto Rico’s statute should be decided by the residents of Puerto Rico.”

    If until a week ago the press was talking about the fact that Puerto Ricans were voting for independence, after the plebiscite most of the publications were talking about the fact that “Puerto Rico wants dependence.”

    ...

    The infrastructure

    Puerto Rico has one of the most modern infrastructures in Latin America and the Caribbean, being surpassed (as national-level average) solely by Canada and the United States of America. It has 8 main cities, including the capital (San Juan, Bayamon, Caguas, Guaynabo, Carolina, Ponce, Cayey and Mayaguez) which is considered the “metropolis of the Caribbean” because of its modern buildings and which is 71st in the world when it comes to quality of life.

    Nevertheless, the country is confronted with the lack of a general planning project, a fact that affects the environment because it does not offer protection to the island’s natural resources. According to a survey, if development were to continue at the same unplanned rhythm in the next 700 years Puerto Rico would be at risk of becoming an island city.

    The city’s railway infrastructure is very modern and will be expanded at national level in order to connect all of the country’s main points, and will include a line to the international airport. The only nuclear power plant in the Caribbean is located in the Rincon municipality.

    When it comes to the maritime infrastructure, the port of San Juan is the fourth-busiest maritime port in the Western Hemisphere, the tenth-busiest in the United States and is 17th in the world when it comes to the handling of containers. Likewise, it is considered the world’s largest port for private and pleasure crafts, and is second in the world after Miami when it comes to the number of cruise ships it can accommodate. Apart from the main port the island has eight other smaller ports with the Port of the Americas set to be renovated and enlarged.

    The Luis Munoz international airport is the island’s largest airport, located 12.7 kilometers from its historic centre, near the Carolina municipality, being one of the busiest airports in the Caribbean and a vital air transportation junction for air traffic between the United States of America and the rest of the Caribbean islands.

    Fernando Ribas Dominicci is the second largest airport, being mainly used for private, charter or internal commercial flights. It was the largest airport on the island before the Luis Munoz airport was inaugurated.

    Infrastructure played an essential role in the island’s economic development for two reasons: commercial (given the geostrategic and geo-economic position) and tourism-related.

    ...

    Other aspects

    Given this geopolitical and geostrategic context, one should not forget the major geo-economic interest that Russia and China can manifest given the fact that their interests in the Western Hemisphere continue to develop in parallel with those of the United States. Starting off from this, we have to point out that Puerto Rico has Russian and Chinese communities.

    The Russians are called Russian-Ricans and they consist of a small community of approximately 50 families that are actively promoting Slavic culture on the island, organizing on a yearly basis festivals and events meant to draw attention to Russia. This might seem insignificant, however taking into account the small number of inhabitants and the aspects that have to do with the political opinions of a certain category of Puerto Ricans in regard to the US policy, it should not be neglected.

    The Chinese minority in Puerto Rico has a history that can be dated back to the start of the 19th Century. The community is currently growing and is mainly active in the gastronomical and cultural domain. Because the island is under United States jurisdiction arrests of Chinese immigrants took place lately.

    An analysis of Russia’s and China’s interests in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean will follow in another article.

    -



    -

    Political status of Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_RicoShare
    Politically, Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States which ... the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with ...



    -



    1. Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico

      Large-scale Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean began during the 19th century. Chinese immigrants had to face different obstacles that ...

    Chinese influence in Puerto Rico[edit]


    Chinese Puerto Ricans are involved in operating Chinese restaurants, and others work in other sectors. Many members of Puerto Rico's Chinese minority have integrated both Puerto Rican and Chinese cultures into their daily lives. Some Chinese have intermarried with Puerto Ricans and many of today's Chinese-Puerto Ricans have Hispanic surnames and are of mixed Chinese and Puerto Rican descent, e.g., Wu-Trujillo.[7]

    Various businesses are named Los Chinos (The Chinese) and a valley in Maunabo, Puerto Rico is called Quebrada Los Chinos (The Chinese Stream).[8] The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center, whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism, has a branch in Puerto Rico.[9]

    Los Chinos de Ponce (English: "The Chinese from Ponce"), formally "King's [Ice] Cream", is an ice cream store whose owners are descendants of Chinese immigrants who arrived in Puerto Rico via Cuba in the early 1960s. The ice cream parlor, which is in front of the town squarePlaza Las Delicias, opposite the historic Parque de Bombas, opened in 1964.[10]

    Illegal immigration of Chinese nationals has become a problem in Puerto Rico. On November 28, 2007, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) announced that 15 citizens of the People's Republic of China were arrested and indicted for human smuggling. According to the indictment, the defendants participated in an alien smuggling organization operating out of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The organization was transporting, moving, concealing, harboring and shielding aliens. They arranged the transportation and moving of Chinese nationals from the Dominican Republic into the United States.[11]

    -




    1. Caribbean targets 2 new markets: South America, Russia

      newsismybusiness.com/caribbean-targets-2-new-markets-south-america-r...

      May 3, 2012 – Caribbean islands are aggressively courting new tourism markets headed by South ... “We are working very hard to strengthen Puerto Rico's presence in these ... outbound market, followed by the United States and China.
      -





      1. China & The Caribbean: Multi-Billion Dollar Talks | Latin Culture Today


        latinculturetoday.blogspot.com/.../china-caribbean-multi-billion-dollar.ht...


        Jun 3, 2013 – The region might soon be considered a gateway to the far east, as predicted in the Caribbean political satire "United States of Banana" by Puerto Ricanauthor Giannina Braschi, who posits China as the biggest game changer in the ...... TheRussian poet Yevgeni Yevtushenko wrote the poem "When they murdered Lorca" ("Когда убили Лорку") in which he portrays Lorca as being akin to Don Quixote—an immortal symbol of one's devotion to his ideals and perpetual ...
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        1. PUERTO RICO NEWS: China ramps up presence in Caribbean By ...


          prnewslinks.blogspot.com/2013/.../president-xi-jinpings-state-visits-to.ht...

          by Mike Nova
          Jun 5, 2013 – Comprehensive collection of newslinks to Puerto Rico, The Caribbeanand The Latino Culture - Amplia colección de newslinks a Puerto Rico, el Caribe y la Cultura Latina ...








          1. PUERTO RICO NEWS: China commits US$3B to Caribbean | U.S. ...


            prnewslinks.blogspot.com/.../china-commits-us3b-to-caribbean-us.html


            by Mike Nova
            Jun 4, 2013 – Comprehensive collection of newslinks to Puerto Rico, The Caribbeanand The Latino Culture - Amplia colección de newslinks a Puerto Rico, el Caribe y la Cultura Latina ... LONDON, England -- An all-party group of British members of parliament, established to further the interests of the Cayman Islands, should be closed down, a senior member of the House of Lords, Lord Oakeshott, said on Monday. The House of Commons standards committee is looking into.

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            www.miaminewtimes.com/2013-03.../puerto-rico-drugs-murders-miami/




            Mar 21, 2013 – Julio Ramos Oliver died over a spilled drink. It was just after midnight January 20, and Old San Juan shook with the fiesta de San Sebastián. Under the golden glow of street lamps, more than 100000 Puerto Ricans.



            -







            1. Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia




              en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drugs_in_Puerto_Rico




              Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico are an increasingly significant problem from a criminal, social, and medical perspective, and a large amount of crime in Puerto Rico ...



              Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico
              From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

              Puerto Rico

              Crime rates (2008)
              Crime type Rate*
              Homicide: 20.4
              Forcible rape: 2.4
              Robbery: 138.3
              Aggravated assault: 78.8
              Violent crime: 239.9
              Burglary: 484
              Larceny-theft: 837.4
              Motor vehicle theft: 177.1
              Property crime: 1,498.5
              Notes
              * Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.
              *Compare with other cities
              Source: FBI 2008 UCR data

              Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico are an increasingly significant problem from a criminal, social, and medical perspective, and a large amount of crime in Puerto Rico has been linked to the amount of illegal drugs that flow through the country. Located in the Caribbean, Puerto Rico has become a major transshipment point for drugs into the United States.[1] Violent and property crimes have increased due in part to dealers trying to keep their drug business afloat, using guns and violence to protect themselves, their turfs, and drug habits.[2]

              Crimes related to drugs are not the only crimes that has plagued the island. Police and political corruption have also been problematic, as have gangs, which further contribute to the drug problem and associated crime in Puerto Rico.[3]


              Crime reduction[edit]


              The Puerto Rican government has implemented a series of law enforcement operations in relation to the federal "war on drugs" in order to minimize drug-related crimes and trafficking on the island. In 1985, the government started Operation Greenback, an investigation by the FBI, Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), into the inconsistencies between the drastic increase of cash flow into the Puerto Rican economy and the double digit unemployment rate and bad economy in the 70s and early 1980s. The operation uncovered money laundering schemes from within financial institutions and from the sale of illegal lottery ticket sales. Federal agents raided 10 banks and arrested 17 people on money laundering charges.[2]


              In 1990, Operation Lucky Strike, was put in motion by the FBI and local law enforcement officials, when residents of Vega Baja unearthed $20 million dollars on a nearby farm. They tried to stop the circulation of the illegal money and mobilized to arrest the individuals connected to the money.[2] In 1993, the Puerto Rican government used the National Guard to help local police in controlling street crime, and later used them again to occupy about a dozen public housing projects in and around San Juan, that police deemed as "hot spots" for drug-related crimes. The operation produced the seizure of 1,200 bags of cocaine, 216 bags of marijuana, 369 capsules of crack, 1,142 bags of heroin, 3 kilos of rock cocaine, and 1 kilo of heroin.[citation needed]


              -





              1. Illegal drug trade in Latin America - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia




                en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America



                As a result of the concentration of drug trafficking, Latin America and the Caribbeanhas the world's highest crime rates, with murder reaching 32.6 per 100,000 ...







                1. More must be done to arrest Caribbean drug trade says US ...


                  www.caribbean360.com/index.php/news/673520.html


                  Mar 16, 2013 – The State Department described Guyana as a transit country forcocaine destined for the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Europe, and ...






                  1. The Caribbean Likely To See Surge In Drug Trafficking, US Officials ...


                    www.huffingtonpost.com/.../the-caribbean-likely-to-s_n_3014232.html


                    Apr 3, 2013 – SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico -- A top U.S. State Department official says theCaribbean will likely see a surge in drug trafficking activity by 2015 as ...






                    America's Caribbean Border – The Under-Protected Front ... - PRFAA


                    www.prfaa.pr.gov/.../America_s%20Caribbean%20Border%20-%20Dru...


                    A National Security Issue: Puerto Rico is serving as America's Caribbean Border in the nation's fight against drug trafficking. • The U.S. territories of Puerto Rico ...






                    1. The Drug Trade and the Increasing Militarization of the Caribbean ...


                      nacla.org › Blogs › Kevin Edmonds's blog


                      Feb 8, 2013 – The Drug Trade and the Increasing Militarization of the Caribbean. warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in ...






                      1. US Observes Uptick in Drug Trafficking Through Caribbean - InSight ...


                        www.insightcrime.org/news.../united-states-drug-trafficking-caribbean


                        Sep 10, 2012 – Aerial surveys by the US military's South Command show that drugtraffickers are shifting back to Caribbean sea routes in response to pressure ...

                        -



                        VP Biden signs trade pact with Caribbean Community

                        San Antonio Express-May 28, 2013Share
                        Biden said Washington and the Caribbean region should be prepared to counter upticks in drug trafficking if smuggling routes swing back ...

                        -

                        US, China Woo Caribbean “Friends” Just Days Apart

                        Inter Press Service-May 30, 2013Share
                        “The Caribbean has never downplayed the importance of the United States to ... those involved in the illegal drug trade to target the Caribbean.
                        -
                        1. drug trafficking threatens rule of law in Central America, Caribbean

                          www.jurist.org/.../un-report-drug-trafficking-threatens-rule-of-law-in-ce...

                          by Rebecca DiLeonardo
                          Sep 28, 2012 – [JURIST] Drug trafficking and violent crime in Central America and theCaribbean threaten the rule of law in those regions, according to a report [text, PDF; press release] released Thursday by the UN Office of Drugs and ...

                          1. MDA.gov | Blog | U.S. Supports Caribbean Basin Security Initiative

                            www.mda.gov/2013/05/.../u-s-supports-caribbean-basin-security-initiativ...

                            by NMIO
                            May 29, 2013 – Working together in support of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), the United States and the nations of the Caribbean are combating the drug trade and other transnational crimes that threaten regional security.

                            1. Caribbean News Now!: Commentary: Russia and Nicaragua ...

                              www.caribbeannewsnow.com/topstory-Commentary%3A-Russia-and-Ni...

                              Apr 25, 2013 – On March 19, 2013, the Director of Federal Drug Control Service (FDCS) of the Russian Federation, Viktor Ivanov, arrived in Nicaragua to encourage the development of deeper cooperation in curbing drug trafficking. During ...

                              1. Fact Sheet: United States Support for the Caribbean Basin Security ...

                                www.whitehouse.gov/.../fact-sheet-united-states-support-caribbean-basin...

                                by The White House
                                May 28, 2013 – Working together in support of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), the United States and the nations of the Caribbean are combating the drug trade and other transnational crimes that threaten regional security.

                                -
                                » The Dominican Republic and Drug Smuggling via the Caribbean - Mexidata.info
                                17/06/13 02:39 from caribbean drug trade - Google News
                                The Dominican Republic and Drug Smuggling via the Caribbean Mexidata.info To break the cycle of narcotics trafficking and the accompanying violence by organized criminals and gangs, as they increasingly (and once again) make end runs via t..


                                -


                                NATION, MIGRATION, IDENTITY: THE CASE OF PUERTO RICANS


                                blogs.uprm.edu/film/files/2012/11/Nation-Migration-Identity.pdf

                                by J Duany - Cited by 16 - Related articles
                                dispersion and the continuing colonial status of Puerto Rico..... concentrate on the practical aspects of achieving and maintaining independence, ..... political andstrategic factors, this insistence reveals the colonial nature of US –. Puerto ...

                                -


                                1. OBAMA’S STRATEGIC MOVES ON PUERTO RICO â€“ Could ...

                                  www.prdream.com/.../obamas-strategic-moves-on-puerto-rico-could-sot...

                                  by escalona
                                  Dec 16, 2009 – OBAMA’S STRATEGIC MOVES ON PUERTO RICO â€“ Could Sotomayor Influence the Puerto Rican Status Issue? 9:00 AM BY MAEGAN LA MAMITA MALA – POLITICSPUERTO RICO| WOMEN 1Jun2009 – VivirLatino.

                                  -


                                  1. Politics of Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

                                    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_RicoShare
                                    Jump to Implications of the current political status‎: Puerto Rico is an organized unincorporated U.S. territory ... that a state of the Union has, given that Puerto Rico is a possession ... Exemption from some aspects of the Internal Revenue ...
                                  2. United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act - Wikipedia, the free ...

                                    en.wikipedia.org/.../United_States-Puerto_Rico_Political_Statu...
                                    The United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act (1998) was a bill proposed in the United States Congress to help refine the political status of Puerto Rico.
                                  3. Government of Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

                                    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico
                                    L. 82–447 due to Puerto Rico's political status as a commonwealth of the United States. Ultimately, the powers of the government of Puerto Rico are all ...
                                -

                                Political Status of Puerto Rico: Geopolitical Aspects - News and Blogs Review 

                                Updated on 7.18.13

                                -